国家地理色彩专题：Life in Color（生活中的色彩）-----紫，黄，褐

【生活中的紫色】
紫色，是电磁波的可视光部分中的短波长部分，波长大约为400～450nm。比紫色的波长还短的是人眼无法看到的紫外线。
紫色代表权威、声望、深刻和精神。
紫色是由温暖的红色和冷静的蓝色化合而成，是极佳的刺激色。
紫色代表一种强烈的感情，因此才会有“紫色的热情”（Purple passion，直译）的说法。紫色虽不象红色那么火热，但它似乎也可以象红色那么快的烧尽所有的东西 。
紫色是由红色和蓝色调和而成的，从一个画家的观点来说紫色是最难调配的一种颜色，有无数中明暗和色调可以选择，冷一些、暖一些，似乎从来没有人找到一种“合适的紫色”。很多不是色盲的人在识别和区分紫色和其它颜色上也存在一定的困难。有些时候蓝色看起来偏紫，有些时候栗色看起来象紫色，有时后品红也象紫色，当然反之亦然。紫色是创意和好主意的体现。很多孩子都说紫色是他们最喜欢的颜色，一些很有创造力的人也这么说.
紫色代表很多东西,就好像:紫色是紫罗兰,紫色象征晚年，日落,紫色是紫水晶,紫色是一棵葡萄树,紫色是Harold的蜡笔画的颜色,紫色很少会用于你母亲的房子,紫色代表新生儿,紫色是Lydia（小亚细亚西部的富裕古国）里出售的一种颜色,紫色是很多种不同的颜色,紫色代表静脉血管,紫色是梅子的颜色.
紫色---代表优雅,高贵,魅力,自傲,神秘,印象深刻,压迫感,,倾向紫色,可以产生恐怖.蓝紫色---孤独,献身.红紫色---神圣的爱.深化紫色---蒙昧迷信象征,潜伏的大灾难就常从暗紫色中爆发出来.紫色渗入少量白色---优美,动人.
薰衣草的浅紫色是很有乐趣的，感觉是很不经意的，据说有让人回忆春天或是年青时的往事的感觉。而深紫色是非常沉重的，象是一股不可抵抗的邪恶的力量。紫色象征着魔术，神秘，水晶和神话中的人物。紫色充满了神秘感。
紫色的梦充满了浪漫和神秘，让人遐想和回味。但是，紫色同样代表着内心不安的颜色。喜欢它的人异常敏感，很内向。
Purpleis a versatile color. Combining the fire of red with the serenity ofblue, it has the ability to soothe as well as excite passion. Purple isprevalent in nature in everything from eggplants to amethysts, andhumans have adopted it as a symbol of royalty.








微距下的紫罗兰，金黄色的花蕾点缀在紫色的花瓣上
Purple Violets、A close-up shows purple violetsflecked with bright yellow pollen in Washington, D.C. Violet is thecommon name for this plant genus, but they are more properly calledviolas.








塔斯马尼亚的罗斯桥映照在紫红色的晚霞中，这座小镇是宫崎骏《魔女宅急便》背景原型
Tasmanian Bridge、Here, RossBridge in Tasmania is cloaked in a mauve sunset. The beautifulsandstone span, built by convicts in 1836, is one of Australia's oldestand is decorated with an impressive array of carvings.







南非韦尔科姆的布什人社区建筑，支撑物做成羚羊的形状，显示了他们和自然联系紧密的文化
Bushman Community Center、Acloth-draped Bushman community building supported by an antelope-shapedstructure in Welkom, South Africa, reflects the culture's strongconnection with nature. Changing times have pushed the San people tothe fringes of the new Africa, where they often struggle to survive








苏格兰斯凯岛，高耸的淡紫色云层看起来就像薄雾笼罩的山脉
Isle of Skye Clouds、Towering lavenderclouds loom like misty mountains over the coast of Scotland's Isle ofSkye. Skye is one of the Inner Hebrides, a group of islands offScotland's west coast.








谢巴赫油田发出的亮光让沙特阿拉伯的天空变化出紫色背景
Dune Dancer、Glow from the distant Shaybahoil field turns the Saudi Arabian sky purple as a man dances atop anearby sand dune. Saudi Arabia controls about a fourth of all theworld's proven oil reserves.








在中国台湾，舞龙表演中安排了紫色的烟雾来增加视觉效果
Dragon Dance、Dragon dancers rehearse forDouble Ten Day—Taiwan's annual celebration of the end of China's lastdynasty. Their performance includes men "fighting" a dragon amidwhirling clouds of purple smoke.







爱丁堡边缘艺术节的艺术周日，他们将表演名为“初生”的剧目
Edinburgh Festival、Members of the BeltaneFire Society perform in Edinburgh, Scotland, during the annual festivalknown as Fringe Sunday. They carry a giant purple egg—which willrendezvous with an equally large sperm—during a re-enactment of"creation."







塔斯马尼亚岛上的Bridestowe薰衣草农场，是世界上最大的薰衣草产品输出农场之一
Lavender Fields、Purple tintsland and sky as night falls over lavender fields at Tasmania's famedBridestowe Estate. The plantation is one of the largest lavender farmsin the world.








维吉尼亚的波托马可河码头，这座古城Alexandria离华盛顿非常近
Virginia Dockyard、Journey's endmeets day's end as a freighter delivers its cargo to a Potomac Riverdock in Alexandria, Virginia. The historic riverside town is a stone'sthrow from the nation's capital.







斐济附近的紫色祼鳃动物，这些无壳的软体动物通常都拥有非常鲜艳的颜色
Purple Nudibranch、A lavender-colorednudibranch feeds on hydroids near Vatu-i-Ra, Fiji. Related to seaslugs, nudibranchs are shell-less mollusks that display some of themost vibrant colors found anywhere in nature.








加拿大丘吉尔港，两只北极熊在紫色的落日余辉下打闹
Twilight Polar Bears、Two polar bears spar inthe snow as a magenta sunset descends over Churchill, Manitoba, Canada.Scientists fear that the shifting Arctic climate could threaten thespecies' survival.








加州安沙波列哥沙漠州立公园，这里因为春天的野花花海而闻名
Desert Wildflowers、California'sAnza-Borrego Desert State Park is famous for its wildflower blooms.Here, dune evening primrose flowers stand out in a sea of purple desertsand verbena.







缅因州停满小船的Rockport海港，这座独特的海岸小镇非常受船员和夏季旅行者的欢迎
Rockport Harbor, Maine、Alavender haze creeps over a boat-filled harbor in Rockport, Maine.Maine's picturesque coastal towns are popular with sailors and summertourists alike








印尼苏拉威西岛拍到的深紫色海星，海星是一种棘皮动物
Purple Sea Star、This brilliant purple seastar was photographed in the waters off Sulawesi, Indonesia. Thoughthey are commonly called starfish, these animals are not fish at all.They are echinoderms, closely related to sea urchins.








加州莫哈维沙漠的一颗约书亚树，树名乃由摩门教拓荒者所取
Joshua Tree、A Joshua tree stands under apurple-black sky in California’s Mojave Desert. Native Americans oncewove baskets and sandals from this tree's leaves and ate its buds andseeds.







博茨瓦纳的Okavango三角州，驴羚在紫色落日余晖中休息
Lechwe at Twilight、Lechwe rest as thesetting sun casts a purple glow over Botswana's Okavango Delta. Welladapted to wetland environments, these antelope typically feed on thedelta's semiaquatic grasses.







印尼苏拉威西岛，小丑鱼身体表面拥有特殊的粘液，可保护它不受海葵的毒触手影响
Anemonefish、An anemonefish hoversover its purple host near Sulawesi, Indonesia. These colorful fish havea layer of mucous that keeps the anemone from stinging it.

【生活中的褐色】


褐色（Brown）亦称棕色、赭色、咖啡色、啡色、茶色等，是由混合小量红色及绿色，橙色及蓝色，或黄色及紫色颜料构成的颜色。褐色作为一种颜色的存在只有在更亮的颜色对比下才看得出来。
斯诺克台球中分值为 4 分的球是褐色的。
很多土壤是褐色的。
在南非的种族隔离时代，混血人种常常被叫做棕色人种或带色人种。
棕色人种可以指拉丁美洲、印第安或中东血统。
Naturaland earthy, brown's warm tones are familiar in nature—think of roughtree bark, fluid mudflows, and dense animal fur. The color, whichrepresents wholesomeness and earthiness, also shows up in man-madegoods from clothing to chocolate.



科迪亚克熊，产于科迪亚克岛，是现存最大的陆栖食肉动物
Wet Kodiak Bear、Natural and earthy, brown'swarm tones are familiar in nature—think of rough tree bark, fluidmudflows, and dense animal fur, like that of the Kodiak bear picturedabove.







巴西潘塔努自然保护区，棕榈树从晨雾和晨光中显现出来
Pantanal Palm Trees、Palm trees emerge fromthe morning mist in the Pantanal near Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Thisenormous landlocked river delta forms an ecologically diverse wetlandecosystem in parts of Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay








新墨西哥州陶斯，蓝色的天空和横梁映衬着土黄色的泥土砖墙
Taos Adobe、Blue skies and beams frame theearthy brown of an adobe building in Taos, New Mexico. Made of theEarth itself, adobe buildings were popular among some Native Americanpeoples







比利时的高迪瓦巧克力公司，精致手制巧克力总给人视觉和味觉的双重享受
Chocolate Leaves、A chocolatier usesdecorative accents to create a sweet that pleases both the eye and thepalate. These gourmet chocolates are from Godiva Chocolatiers inBrussels, Belgium.








南达科他州沃特镇的动物园，白脸树鸭在这里定居
White-Faced Whistling Ducks、These threewhite-faced whistling ducks are residents of the Bramble Park Zoo inWatertown, South Dakota. In the wild, however, their relatives inhabitthe warmer climes of Central and South America, the Caribbean, andsub-Saharan Africa.








墨西哥犹加敦半岛，一群火烈鸟在泥水中排列成了一只大鸟的图案
Flamingo Formation、A bird-shapedformation of flamingos pops in bright pink from the muddy waters of aplacid lagoon in Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula, along the coast of theGulf of Mexico.








加州穆尔红杉林国家纪念地，一颗倒下的红杉树树杆上长满了棕色的蘑菇
Fallen Redwood、A fallen redwood treefeeds new fungus growth in Muir Woods National Monument, California.President Theodore Roosevelt protected the old growth forest, with itsmajestic, towering trees, in 1908.







夏威夷的尺蠖毛虫，利用枯萎的蕨叶来完成完美的伪装
Camouflaged Caterpillar、A curling fern leafletprovides the perfect cover for a camouflaged brown geometridcaterpillar. This Hawaiian caterpillar disguises itself in order to liein wait and hunt unsuspecting insects by ambush







亚利桑那州的狭长峡谷，这是洪水过后粘稠的泥浆形成的图案
Post-Flood Mud、Floodwaters racing throughan Arizona slot canyon left this unique footprint—natural patterns inthe thick mud covering the canyon floor. Slot canyons are prone toflooding with little or no warning.








越南的佛教徒长者在祈祷和平
Buddhist Elders、Robed in brown, Buddhist elders pray forpeace in wartime Vietnam. During the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s war pittedthe divided Vietnamese people against one another and against foreigntroops from France and the United States.








西藏Tidrum修道院，朝圣者们认为这里的温泉有治愈能力
Tibetan Nun、An elderly nun negotiatesstairs at Tibet's Tidrum Nunnery. The remote site draws pilgrims whohope to bathe in hot springs that are renowned for their healingabilities









哥斯达黎加田比斯基流域，一群鹳鸟聚集在褐色的河床上
Tempisque River Storks、A group of storksgathers to forage on a muddy Costa Rican riverbed. The Tempisque RiverBasin showcases many of Costa Rica’s diverse ecosystems, fromhigh-altitude cloud forests to lowland swamps and marshes








鸟犹尼市干涸的盐湖，这个世界上最大的干涸盐湖形成了一棵巨大树的图案
Salt Flat、An aerial view of patternsin Salar de Uyuni, the world's largest salt flat, suggests an enormoustree. The massive Bolivian salt flat was formed by a prehistoric lake.







美国东部的东部箱龟，可以通过它们眼睛的颜色来判断雌雄，雄龟是红色，雌龟是棕色
Eastern Box Turtle、A maleEastern box turtle, distinguished from the female by its red eyes,remains alert while at rest. The relatively common subspecies inhabitsthe eastern United States from Maine to Alabama.








秘鲁潘帕伽勒拉斯保护区的三只小羊驼，因为皮毛的珍贵，小羊驼一度几乎面临绝种
Endangered Vicunas、Vicunas dwellin the high-altitude grasslands of the South American Andes. Demand forvicuna meat and wool nearly wiped out the species, but many enjoyprotection in Peru’s Pampa Galeras Reserve, such as this trio.







玻利维亚鸟犹尼市盐滩，是世界上由干涸的盐湖形成的最大盐摊
Salar de Uyuni Salt Flat、Stretching towarda blue salt lake, dry waterways crisscross the brown expanse ofBolivia’s Salar de Uyuni, the world's largest salt flat.








加勒比海的博内尔岛，褐色的珊瑚礁上有一条红色的仔鱼游过
Larval Fish、A brightly colored larval fishswims above some closed brown zoanthid on a coral reef near Bonaire.The Caribbean island, much loved by divers, is part of the DutchAntilles.












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【生活中的黄色】



黄色是电磁波的可视光部分中的中波长部分，波长大约为570～590nm，红、绿色光混合可产生黄光，类似熟柠檬或向日葵颜色，或者光谱位于绿色和橙色之间的颜色。
黄的互补色是紫色。黄色是四个心理学基色之一，以及减法三原色之一。
黄色的波长适中，是所有色相中最能发光的色，给人轻快，透明，辉煌，充满希望的色彩印象。由于此色过于明亮，被认为轻薄，冷淡；性格非常不稳定容易发生偏差，稍添加别的色彩就容易失去本来的面貌。
花卉中的迎春，腊梅，玫瑰，郁金香，秋菊，油菜花，向日葵等，都呈现出娇嫩，芳香的黄色。果实中的柠檬，梨，甜瓜又使黄富有酸甜的食欲感。
歌德认为，黄有一点发绿就是难看的硫磺色，在康定看来，黄略加点蓝就显得是一种病态。
黄色在古罗马时期也被当作高贵的颜色。普通人不准使用。
在东南亚各国佛教中，黄色显示超凡脱俗等教义。神与佛头上的光圈代表着神圣。
美国日本把黄色做为思念和期待的象征。
在基督教中，由于黄色是犹大衣服的色，故在欧美国家被视为庸俗低劣的最下等色。
流传到我国也是，黄色刊物，黄色事业中黄色指代色情。这可能与黄色的敏感程度有关。
中国封建朝代里，从宋朝以后，明黄色是皇帝专用的颜色。
黄色也是中华民族文化和中华文明的象征，同时它也是中华民族的主色调。直至现在，它和红色都是中国的主色调。
黄页起源于英国的 Yellow Page，指电话簿，载有商业机构的电话，分门别类。
在中国的五行学说中，黄色是土的象征。
黄色是黄金的颜色，因此也有财富的含义。
黄色极易映入眼帘，通常用在小商品包装，职业服装上，如安全帽，养路工用的马甲上，有表示紧急和安全的意思。
Yellowevokes the shine of the sun and is found throughout nature and theman-made world as a color that commands attention. This highly visiblehue is found on everything from bumblebees to school buses, trafficsigns to highlighters. Misbehaving soccer players are shown yellow as awarning, and Tour de France racers know the man in yellow is the riderto beat.



美国的金翼啄木鸟展翅离开它的巢穴，虽然叫啄木鸟，但它们更喜欢在泥土里啄食蚂蚁
Yellow-Shafted Flicker 、Ayellow-shafted flicker leaves its nest in a forest in the UnitedStates. Flickers are woodpeckers that can hammer trees but prefer toforage on the ground. They often dig in the dirt for ants.







墨西哥圣米吉一间红黄相间的建筑，这座小镇因为美丽和温和的气候吸引了很多外国人居住
Mexican Building、Pink flowersand a hand-painted sign advertising treasures adorn a yellow-and-redbuilding in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico. The city's beauty and mildclimate have attracted many foreign residents.








加拿大佛罗伦国家公园，一艘黄色的船倒影在水面上
Yellow Boat Hull、A yellow boat hull isreflected at the waterline in Quebec’s Forillon National Park. Thisoceanside park is located at the farthest tip of Gaspe Peninsula.







夏威夷拉奈市的黄色小屋，起初这种色彩鲜艳的小屋是为菠萝种植园的工人建造的
Vintage Plymouth、The yellow huesof a small home in Lanai City, Hawaii, are matched by its owner'svintage Plymouth. Many residents of this village live in suchpastel-painted cottages, first built for pineapple plantation workers.








马萨诸塞州鳕鱼岬，Spicebush凤蝶毛虫用它的斑纹模仿成巨大的眼睛来吓退天敌
Spicebush SwallowtailCaterpillar、A spicebush swallowtail caterpillar in Cape Cod,Massachusetts, shows off eyespots meant to deter predators looking foran easy meal







黄颈毛虫挤在一根樱桃树枝上，它们虽然会造成树叶的掉落，却不会造成树木的永久性损伤
Yellow-NeckedCaterpillars、Yellow-necked caterpillars crowd a thin branch on a cherrytree in Frederick, Maryland. Infestations of these caterpillars maydefoliate oaks and other hardwood trees but usually do no permanentdamage.







土耳其伊斯坦布尔，齐拉冈宫凯宾斯基酒店泳池边的一排黄色折叠躺椅
Deck Chairs、Rows of yellow deck chairsline the pool of the Ciragan Palace Kempinski hotel in Istanbul,Turkey. Once a sultan's residence, the facility now pampers payingguests as one of the city's finest luxury resorts







非洲马里，一位妇女披着亮黄色的头巾，映衬在蓝色的天空下
Malian Woman、Here, a woman in Diafarabe,Mali, holds her brilliant yellow scarf against a deep blue African sky.Her landlocked country is a desert land that was once a hub for ancientSaharan caravan routes.







巴布亚新几内亚，黄色的面部涂料和红色的眼泪是一种欢迎舞蹈仪式的标准化妆
Huli Wigman、Red tears of sweatstream down the yellow-painted face of a Huli wigman in Papua NewGuinea. His elaborate costume, donned for a ceremonial welcoming dancecalled the sing-sing, also includes a dramatic wig of human hair








华盛顿的黄色枫叶落满了一地，枫叶的颜色决定于温度和湿度这些气候条件
Maple Leaves、A blanket of fallenmaple leaves covers the ground with gold during autumn in Washington,D.C. The visual "quality" of each fall's foliage is determined byweather conditions such as moisture and temperature







乔治亚州布伦瑞克的造纸厂，用定时摄影的方法拍到的夜景
Paper Mill、A time-lapse photo captures thewispy steam and yellow glow of the Georgia-Pacific paper mill inBrunswick, Georgia, at night. The mill is surrounded by the wetlands ofpoet Sidney Lanier's "Marshes of Glynn."







睫毛蝰蛇是中美洲和南美洲土生土长的品种，它们有着多种颜色的外表
Eyelash Viper、Eyelash vipers areindigenous to Central and South America and come in a variety ofcolors, including shocking yellow, like this specimen







科罗拉多大学波尔得分校，黄色的彩色玻璃
Staircase Silhouette、A staircase stands in sharprelief against a wall of yellow stained glass at the University ofColorado in Boulder.







美国新墨西哥州圣达菲，火车车头被漆成鲜艳的黄色
Train Engine、A brightly painted train enginestands under a deep blue sky in Santa Fe, New Mexico. The Santa FeRailroad, one of America's most famous, merged with the BurlingtonNorthern Railroad in the mid-1990s.







美国北卡罗来纳州，向日葵的价值不仅因为漂亮，更因为它们的种子和提炼油







泰国普吉岛，它的魅力来自于温和的气候、洁净的海水和泰国人的热情好客
Phuket Island Beach、Yellow beachumbrellas line the sands at a hotel on Phuket Island, Thailand. Theisland draws many foreign tourists to its balmy climes, crystal-clearwaters, and Thai hospitality







辛普森沙漠国家公园，罕见的暴风雨过后的野花开满了一地，这个地方的年平均降雨少于15厘米
Desert in Bloom、Encouragedto bloom by rare rainstorms, a sea of wildflowers blankets the sanddunes of Australia's Simpson Desert National Park. The area averagesfewer than 6 inches (15 centimeters) of rain per year.